(Disclaimer: The following is a machine-generated transcript and may contain errors or inaccuracies. It will be reviewed and verified against the original audio soon.)
The following is a lecture on the Līlā of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu given by His Holiness Jayapatākā Swami Mahārāja on August 30, 1981 – in Florence, Italy.
You tell Adoyta Gosai, the head of the priest to come with his wife and bring all the paraphernalia for worshiping Vishnu. Now go immediately. So Ramai pondered. He ran over to the house of.
Adoyta Gosai, the head of the priest.
And Adoita Gosai.
He said that Advaita, there’s an important message you are being called with.
Your wife was a bit preoccupied.
He was saying, what is this all about? What are you calling me for?
Then when he saw that Advaita had.
Just settled his mind a bit. Then Ramay told him as follows.
That person who you are desiring in the inner part of your heart, that he would come. That person to whom you were shouting loudly to come. That person whom you were crying profusely for, that person has come and he is calling you.
He grabbed him.
He said, what? What are you saying? Yes, this is the message. He said to come tell you that you know what he mean and bring your wife with all the pūjā for worshiping Vishnu. And Advoita shouted out.
Prabhu is come. My Prabhu is come. The Lord has come.
And he’s jumping up and down and jumping with his hands in the air. And his wife ran and said, what is happening?
What is happening?
The Lord has come. The Lord has come. Our desires are now fulfilled. He’s come, he’s come. Immediately bring all the pūjā articles. Let’s go. So immediately he came and went with Ramay Pandit bringing the tray with the.
Articles for worshiping Vishnu with incense, with.
5 pradeep light, 5 lamp light, conch.
Flowers and fam con lincenso, elampada agip con cinque lampade, fiori ventalli.
So they immediately hurried and went to Śrīvas’s house where Lord Caitanya was waiting for them. Used to have a nickname for Deut.
He used to call him Nara.
When he saw him come, he said.
Very good, very good. You have come. Nara. You always were doubting. You were wondering whether or not your desire would be satisfied. Now I am going to dispel all your.
Doubts as to my real position.
At that time, just automatically, all the.
Intimate devotees of Lord Caitanya, they one by one started to come there to Śrīvas’s house.
Without being called.
They were drawn there by divine power.
Suddenly Lord Caitani, he started to glow. He started to give off so much effulgence that no one could see anything in the world except for Chaitanya Maharabhu. Just like by looking at the Sun. All you can see is the sun. You can’t see anything else. All they could see was Chaitanya.
Everything else was simply light. And that light was coming from Caitanya Mahāprabhu.
Then Lord Caitanya, he showed his Diva. He had the marks of Śrīvatsa, the Kostuba Moni, the all the jewels which.
Are only decorating Kṛṣṇa Nārāyaṇa and the.
Vaijanta Himalayan which went down to his knees surrounded by bumblebees flying all around.
Queen Del Senior Caitania Mostro el SUO Marcio di Śrīvazza Turtele Decorazioni Ken decora no solo Kṛṣṇa.
Nityana Prabhu ran over.
To Lord Caitanya and held a effulgent umbrella over his head.
Suddenly demigods appeared all over the sky.
They became visible to the human beings and they all started to offer prayers to Caitanya Mahāprabhu.
Brahma, Lord Shiva, Nārada Muni. They all became present Kartikeya offering their.
Prayers in glorification to Caitanya Mahprabhu.
Visibili Mahāprabhu.
Then Caitanimabu started to manifest all the different qualities of the different incarnations Narashingha, Matsya, Kurma, Baraha, Vamanadeva before all of the devotees.
And then again assuming his Caitanya Mahāprabhu.
Form with his wife, they prostrated at.
Lord Chaitanya’s feet offering their prayers.
Lord Shaitan, he said, Advaita, you have called me. Your loud calling, it was just waking me up while I was sleeping on the Anantasenag in the causal ocean. This sound vibration has gone right up to Kṛṣṇa Loka. So on your request I have come down. Then at Dhaita Go Sai he began jumping up and down and dancing in front of the Lord. And everyone started chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa, Kṛṣṇa. And everyone there was a huge kīrtana and then Adoyta Gosai, he took Tulsi.
Leaves and he started to worship the.
Lotus feet of Chaitanya Maharaj with Tulisi.
And with Waganji’s water.
And then they offered him and all the devotees.
They were chanting in kīrtana and dancing.
Some of them were falling unconscious, some of them were laughing, some of them.
Were beating their heads.
They were all filled with ecstatic symptoms. After the RT was over, Lord Caitanya.
Said to Adwait, go side, ask me.
A boon, ask me a boon, whatever you want, just ask me.
I will give you.
Beneficial.
He said, what can I ask you when I have seen your form When I have seen your transcendental form and I have been able to dance in front of you, my all my desires are satisfied.
I have nothing more to ask.
Me. Anything you want, just ask something. You could take it. He said, all my desires have been satisfied. What can I ask?
So then Lord Caitanya said, I will tell you.
It is my special desire. I want to chant from house to house. I want that every person that they may be filled with this ecstatic transcendental Kṛṣṇa Prema. I want everyone to be so happy. They will all be gratified throughout the whole world that I have given them this gift. Then Adoitre Gosai said, lord, there’s one.
Thing I’d like to say.
Hello.
That when you’re giving out your mercy, please give out your mercy to the women, to the laborers, to the fools and unqualified people also. Those who ordinarily may not be great scholars and have the opportunity, let everyone, even those who are unqualified, let them.
Get this mercy.
Natural mente non sono de grandi informa naturale noncieno de grandi studios.
And let those who are very proud.
Of their austerity, their family, their learning.
Or their being so called important spiritual people, those people who criticize the other devotees who criticize the worshippers of you, let them simply die and not get.
This mercy.
Dell’Oro erudizione.
Those who are so proud that they.
Never take shelter of your lotus feet. They just criticize those who do thinking themselves better due to all these material qualifications.
Let them simply burn. And let all the unfortunate people, let them all be delivered. Lord Chetan, you said Yes, I accept your words. So be it. Everyone from the lowest up, they will all be delivered except those who are Vaishnav.
Offenders, those who are the lowest, who are falsely proud and envious.
So in this way, Caitanya Mah Prabhu, you see, his special mercy is he wants to help all of the fallen souls, especially those who are ordinarily unfortunate. He gives his special mercy to them.
Caitanya Mahāprabhu. He has expanded this transcendental mercy everywhere.
El Senor Chaitanya mapro distributo la sua misericordia O and he wants to expand.
It to every house, every family you.
See, in every city and village of the whole world. Everyone gets a chance for this mercy. So that’s why all the great devotees, they fall down and pray that to.
All the other devotees that in case by any chance I have committed any Offenses to you.
Please forgive me.
Because to offend a devotee of the.
Lord, that is a great danger.
Per que lo feza un de voto molto grave.
So Lord Chaitanya Mahāprabhu’s pastimes, they are extraordinary.
They’re incomparable.
No time has the Lord been so merciful. So we should take advantage of this special opportunity.
When will we get this chance again?
This is a rare opportunity, so we should grab it up.
And if we simply take shelter of.
Caitanya Mahāprabhu, then all of our desires will be satisfied. Especially those who are unfortunate, who are unqualified. He gives a special mercy simply if.
They desire to take that mercy. Therefore we should.
He has brought with him this Hari Ma and Hari Naam, Hare Gishnu Mohammed.
To give the mercy to everyone.
Elua portato. Consequently.
Those who want to get to mercy, those who are humble, they will chant Hare Kṛṣṇa and they will get that highest mercy, highest perfection of life. But those who are very proud, who think that they know everything, who don’t know the science of mantras, they will think, oh, what is this chanting? And they will criticize the chanters of Hare Kṛṣṇa. And they will miss this great opportunity.
That will be their great misfortune.
So that everyone gets the mercy of Chetanim except those who are falsely proud.
Falsely proud and envious. That’s why you see that over the.
Whole world, without any distinction of caste.
Color, creed, any kind of distinction, everyone.
Is united in one brotherhood, chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa.
Distincione di casta di colore di credo di nacionalita.
And with a remarkably short time, they are tasting transcendental ecstasy in love for Kṛṣṇa, love for God.
They are achieving the perfections of the.
Mystic yoga system in such a short.
Time and higher also. This is all the special mercy of Chaitanya Mahāprabhu. After Chaitanya Mahabhar revealed his divinity, then again he went back into his mood as a devotee. And he just acted as a devotee. And he wouldn’t allow anyone to call him Kṛṣṇa again. Because a devotee never lets anyone call him his God.
This is the mysterious character of Chaitanya.
Maharbo, God Himself coming down and acting just like a dramatic player, as if he was devotee. This is his fun, this is His Leela, his activity and pastime. Because this is the nature of the devotee, that he is more kind than Kṛṣṇa. He gives out freely the mercy. So who can be more merciful than Kṛṣṇa himself? Playing as a devotee.
That is the.
Avatar for this age. Only 495 years ago he came. Now is your chance to get his mercy.
Perfect your lives.
Be happy. Have all your desires satisfied.
Person.
They cannot receive the benefit of the Mah Mantra. But if they just say the name of God, they cannot receive any benefit.
If they chant Hare Kṛṣṇa somehow or another, that means that they’re not so proud. Those who are proud and envious and who don’t chant are those who chant and think that their chanting means that they can offend other devotees. That also Kṛṣṇa he cannot tolerate. One can chant, but one has to avoid offending other. You see the pure devotees of the Lord and devotees who are dedicated to preaching the message of the Lord.
Uno devecantare devitare di offendere purī devotee del signore.
That’s why every day we bow down to the devotees and call them as Prabhu. So we remind ourselves that we are the servant of the Lord’s servants. Even Caitanya Maharabhu said Gopībar to Kamalayo Das that I am the servant of the servant of the master of the Gopīs.
Ka Mahaprabha del servitore. Del servitore del maestro delle Gopī Kṛṣṇa.
By this humble attitude, one’s consciousness is more intensely absorbed in Bhakti Yoga. Is that all right?
There can be humbleness if someone is rich.
If somebody is rich, but he recognizes that his richness is not his own property, but the property actually of Kṛṣṇa and he uses it for Kṛṣṇa, then he’s humble. But if someone thinks that I have got my wealth by my own hard work, this is my wealth. This has nothing to do with God or with anything else. I don’t care for anybody because I have got my money. He’s proud. And actually he only has money because he’s performed some good activities, good karmas in the past. When those good karmas are finished, his money will be taken away. So what is the reason for him to be falsely proud?
So someone who knows that and understands that everything he has is ultimately by the mercy of God and that has to be used only in the Lord’s service to stay free from the evil effects of bad karma. That person is humble even he’s rich. Caitanya Mahabhu had poor devotees and rich devotees. But all of their mentality was pure and divinely situated.
The poor devotees, they weren’t hankering to become rich.
They only wanted to taste higher and higher realization of pure devotion.
Those who were rich, they didn’t fear losing their wealth.
Neither were they hankering to gain more wealth.
But whatever was coming, they were using.
It in KA’s service. And they were also only desiring to taste higher realization of pure Kṛṣṇa’s devotion. So there is a place for everyone. But if someone is falsely proud that he’s wealth, that is an impediment. But we want we have place for both rich and poor, for everyone to be devotee.
Which is the difference on the offense by mental, offense and verbal Offense by word.
There’s three levels offense. Mental, verbal and physical. Mental is the lightest, verbal is more strong and physical is the strongest.
Yet mentale El apu le jera di parola pugrave.
So in this Kali Yuga, generally if one makes some offense in the mind that is not counted. Because the mind is by nature very uncontrollable. In Kali Yuga.
Se qual Kuno Fadel of.
The but if one even thinks of doing something good, he gets the result. But if one says something or does something which is offensive to devotee, that will be unforgivable unless that person repents. And that forgiveness has to be received from the person who was offended. But one should also try to control the mind not to think offensively. Because if we think repeatedly offensively, then next step we may also say something or do something offensive.
There is a stage where one become offensive.
Yes, there is such a stage.
This is the quest to study.
When one reaches the offensive stage, then.
He can see Kajuno.
That’s why there’s two parts. One part is that we water the devotional plant by chanting, hearing and serving. Other part is we pull out the weeds of material desire, offenses and so on. The more your offense is reduced, the more you will be able to taste the pure effect of devotion.
Seeing the great mercy of the Lord that is helping the most fallen also. So how a person that is deep, deep and depth how we can approach Kṛṣṇa consciousness. A person that is deep and deaf, he cannot hear and cannot speak.
That’s why he’s very unfortunate. Because he can’t hear Kṛṣṇa and can’t chant Kṛṣṇa. But he can taste Kṛṣṇa Prasad. He can see the deity of Kṛṣṇa. He can chant by reading about Kṛṣṇa. And he can serve with his body. You see, there’s a story about one blind man about 30, 40 years after Caitanya Mahapu left this planet. At that time, all the associates in separation for Kṛṣṇa, they were all leaving and going back to Kṛṣṇa. There was only very few people left.
Associates left in Quel momento in cuel perido tutti de sociate loro grande sentimento di separazione Tutti abandonando el pioneta peritornare con cruise.
And one the last associate, one of the last associates, direct associate Chaitanya Mahabhar to still be present was Nara Hari Sarkar. We sang him in our prayer at evening, Aarti, we sing his name. So when this Narahari Adhikari, when he also left the world it was a big shock for all the Vaishnavas. So there was a big. A big festival called in commemoration of Narahari. And all the Vaishnavas that were present, they all came to Śrīkando, the residential place of Narahari and had a big festival in his honor. There was Śrīnivas Acharya Śrīnivasacharya. Not the Panchatatu Sinivas Pandit. But Śrīnivasacharya is a disciple of Gopal Bhattagoswami and Jeebagosami Guru. He was a contemporary with Narottam Das Thakur. Then there was Birchandra Prabhu there who is the son of Nityānanda, who is Kirodaksha Vishnu avatar.
Then there were many other devotees like Ramchandra Kobiraj, Govinda Kobiraj and Jamuna Acharya and others.
They were all presenting.
So there were hundreds of devotees. And at one point Birchandra Prabhu, the son of Nityānanda, he started to dance.
You know what Caitanya Maharabhu said.
That.
Wherever Nityānanda dances, he’s there that like.
A magnet draws him. His dancing is so ecstatic that Kṛṣṇa Caitanya Maharu must be there. It.
(Side B of the Cassette)
So Nitinanda’s son was also very transcendental dancer. When they were chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahamant, then Birbhadra, Prabhu, Birchandra, he was dancing and jumping and he was expressing so many transcendental emotions and moods through his dancing. Everyone was just floating in an ocean of nectar.
So one blind man, he was in.
The crowd and he was asking, what’s happening? What’s happening?
Tell me what’s happening? This whole Pir Chandra is dancing. Oh, now he’s just jumping up and he’s turning around. Now he’s fallen on his knee. Then they bind me and say, now what’s he doing? Now what’s he doing? Now he’s on his knees. Now he’s on his knees with his.
Hands in the air.
He’s crying and he’s chanting.
And now what’s he doing? Now what’s he doing?
Now he’s spinning around.
And now what’s he doing?
Now he’s slowly dancing.
And now what’s he doing? Now what’s he doing?
And this way he’s just so excited.
To hear more and more about Birchandra’s dancing. And the more heard, the more he became eager.
Now what’s he doing? Now what’s he doing?
So finally suddenly his blindness went. He could see.
There was Birchandra.
By the mercy of Nityānanda, that pure desire to see the Lord gave him back his eyesight.
And he fell down at the feet of Birchandra and took the dust from his feet. Lotus feet. And when all the people there saw.
That by his intense desire to serve the Lord by darshan, by seeing that.
He had been given back his eyesight, everyone became overjoyed. And the whole crowd started shouting out, so even someone is blind, he may get the sight to see Kṛṣṇa. After all, we can don’t see Kṛṣṇa with the eyes made of muscles and bones and all these things. Kṛṣṇa can only be seen with divine vision. If someone has the pure desire, then Kṛṣṇa will reveal himself. I don’t. They don’t they want to go to sleep?
I think they can.
I thought they’re hour later.
But they can stay late to hear about any more demand. So how we can appear humble when we have received even a little drop of mercy from the Lord? And so because we have received this little mercy, we are trying to give it to everyone with so much desire, so much enthusiasm. And sometimes people, they take this enthusiasm for proudness. How we can appear more humble, you understand? She says, how we can appear humble when we have received a little Bit of mercy by the Lord. So because of this mercy we have the great desire of giving to others this message. And we are trying to give it with enthusiasm and boldness. And sometimes they take. People take this enthusiasm for proudness. So how we can appear more humble in front of them?
When you put the butter on the fire and keep it on the heat, then as it stays simmering in the heat, automatically the impurities come off to the top. The more that you go on giving the mercy out, then naturally Kṛṣṇa gives the spiritual intelligence. He gives intelligence how to advance in that devotional service. There are some people who they will always find criticism against the devotees. Those are the people who don’t get Caitanya Mahu’s mercy. The other thing is that we should remain humble. Because even we may have a drop of mercy. But that mercy is only by the mercy of Guru and Kṛṣṇa. And we have yet so much further to go. So when we realize how much further, we must still progress on the path, then how can we help but be humble? We may feel a little enthusiasm after serving.
But that enthusiasm is simply the first step. Beyond that, there are so much higher realizations we still must achieve. Is that all right?
Next section is equal to both friend and enemies. So how come Avatar, he asked Lord Caitanya to don’t give the mercy to the proud and envious?
Of course, Advaita.
He himself is the Lord Advaita, Stel.
Actually Advaita, Anitai and Lord Chaitanya. They’re all three. The Lord in different form, for different purposes.
Indifferenti forme, con differenti propositi.
So Advaita wanted that everyone should get the opportunity. Even those who were ordinarily missing the chance. But especially he mentioned the Chakravartis, the Mithras. Those who were the high caste, priestly people, but who were always inimical to Lord Shaitan. Because a devotee cannot tolerate when someone is inimical to the Lord. That devotee or Lord cannot tolerate when someone is inimical to the devotee. And the devotee cannot tolerate when someone is inimical to the Lord. Actually those proud people, they don’t want Chaitanya Mabu’s mercy. So they’re not getting. But those who are not proud, they want some type of relief. They want some type of answer to their problems. So he didn’t want that they should get just a part solution. They should get more than they expected. The highest gift of life. By not giving the mercy to the proud people.
This is forcing the people who are proud to give up their false position. By giving up their false position, then they can achieve perfection. Why should he mislead people and tell them that if they maintain a false position, they can be happy? But even one is unfortunate otherwise. He’s not qualified even to worship God. But somehow or another, at least he’s a little humble. And he has a desire. He can get the mercy that is unequaled in all history. Vaishnava can tolerate all type offenses to himself. But he cannot tolerate offenses to the Lord or other Vaiavas. Is that all right? Okay. Someone in the back there.
See why Lord Catania left the planet 44 years is not stay here longer.
Because he’s independent. He can do whatever he likes. He left a lot of work for you to do. But he’s still here in the form of his order and his message. And he’s left you lots of service. Now you can get Lord.
I was asking that Lord Chitana was in the mood of the Gopīs and his associate also. So how comes they were feeling separation if they were always with Kṛṣṇa by speaking about Kṛṣṇa, he was always in contact with Kṛṣṇa by speaking of him. But how come they were feeling separation from him?
You see, while they are feeling separation because of feeling separation, then the desire to talk about Kṛṣṇa is more. And when they talk about Kṛṣṇa, then they feel the presence of Kṛṣṇa. Then they feel union even in separation. That’s why they would sometimes feel union even in separation. That’s why the separation is different than material distance. Because in that separation they’re feeling union. Otherwise how they can survive without Kṛṣṇa, they’d all die. The nectarine emotion of separation from the Guru or Kṛṣṇa is so real and wonderful. That devotee wouldn’t exchange millions and billions.
Of dollars or liras in exchange for that real emotional.
Two more questions.
Before the coming of Lord Caitanya, there was a chain of spiritual master chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa.
There was chanting of the spiritual master.
Before the coming of Lord Caitanya, there was a line of spiritual master that was chanting Hare Kṛṣṇa. Before that Lord Caitanya appeared.
Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahā Mantra is written in the Vedas which are written 5000 years ago. Different shastras mentioned Hare Kṛṣṇa, Hari, Ram mantras.
And in multisimile Deshastra I mentioned Atul Mantra Hare Kṛṣṇa, you see.
But Hare Kṛṣṇa is chanted on different levels. When Hare Kṛṣṇa is chanted by the Gopīs and separation of Kṛṣṇa, that is.
The most intense Hare Kṛṣṇa Kantato dalla gopī in sentimento di separation.
So Caitanya Maharu he brought down the Hare Kṛṣṇa chanting from Gulok Brindavan. Therefore, the chanters following in the footsteps of Caitanya Mahāprabhu, their chanting is of the most intense.
Saying that many of the appearance of Kṛṣṇa they are during full moon. And so he want to know something about the full moon. Because for what he knows, moon is just reflecting the light of the sun. But still the light of the moon is giving taste of vegetables or even in fruit person. So you want to know a little bit more about this moon.
So moon is having different influences at different stages of its cycle. And the full moon has many significances. So whenever the Lord appears, he appears when all the auspicious astrological signs are present. Present. So full moon is one of the auspicious signs. It is not the only auspicious sign. Sometimes the moon in other positions is also auspicious. But because the full moon is auspicious, many times devotees of the Lord are appearing at a particular time when such auspicious constellations are present. Whereas Kṛṣṇa, when he appeared, that was the eighth day of the waning moon. But it said at that time all of the stars took the most auspicious consolation known as Rohini. But because Kṛṣṇa himself was coming in the dynasty of the Moon God. There are two lines of kings india. One coming from Suryavangs and one coming from that’s the sun.
And one coming from Chandravangs, that’s from the moon. Ramchanda appeared in the sun dynasty and Kṛṣṇa appeared in the Moon dynasty. So it said that although it was the eighth day of the waning moon, that because Kṛṣṇa himself was coming in the representative of the Moon dynasty, that the moon himself, he became on his own foot in happiness that Kṛṣṇa was coming. And Kṛṣṇa himself is greater than the full moon. But he was coming in the full moon’s dynasty. So that was another auspicious point. So that’s a whole science, the science of astrology.
You want to know why the moon is making psychological effect on the people.
Moon represents the mind.
La luna represents elemente.
The mind is affected by the moon. So when the moon goes through different changes that affects the people’s minds like that. Different planets affect different parts of the body, different situations. And each of the planets is controlled by a demigod. So those demigods, they’re controlling those different functions of the body. So india, people wear stones and they worship those different demigods to avoid the bad influences. When they have some astrological weakness and one particular sign. Sometimes you will see people with a coral with this one with different stones for the different pearl is for the mind Pearl is for the moon. They wear so many different rings. But Śrīla Prabhupāda said that devote to hidden simply as to chant Hare Kṛṣṇa that will be more effective than wearing different type of stones.
Lecture Suggetions
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19810913 Darśana Question and Answer
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19810912 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 1.8.9
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19810909 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 3.17.20
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19810909 Evening Darśana
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19810908 Arrival Address
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19810907 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 1.11.10 Śrī Rādhāṣṭamī
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19810907 Rādhāṣṭamī Lecture
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19810906 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 1.16.4
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19810906 Sunday Feast Lecture - News of Transcendence
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19810905 Darśana: Śrī Puṇḍarika Vidyānidhi Pastimes
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19810902 Gaura-pūrṇimā
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19810901 Bhagavad-gītā 11.36
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19810830 Mahā-Prakaśa Līlā of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu with Translations
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19810830 Nāmahaṭṭa - The Marketplace for Holy Name with Translation
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19810830 Question and Answer Session with Translation
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19810819 Bhagavad-gītā 9.2
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19810819 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 3.5.48
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19810811 Vaiṣṇava Ke? 11-12
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19810811 Who is a Vaiṣṇava?
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19810727 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 2.2.29
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19810726 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 5.1.17
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19810725 Evening Darśana
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19810721 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 2.2.24
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19810720 Being Attracted by the Transcendental Qualities of Kṛṣṇa
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19810720 Gītāñjali Singers Mr.Rao - Madhura Harināma
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19810720 Gītāñjali Singers Mr.Rao - Śrī Jagannātha Aṣṭakam
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19810720 On King Kulaśekhara's Mukundamālā Stotra
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19810720 Gītāñjali Singers Mr.Rao Glorifying Gaṇeśa
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19810719 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 4.18.6-7
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19810717 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 2.1.27-28
